Headings of the journal
"Economics and Management"

Annotation: The article examines the transformation of the Indian labor market in the face of global economic chal- lenges. It examines employment dynamics and the structure of unemployment in contemporary India, analy- ses key trends in labor relations, and highlights the specifics of labor market interactions between India and Russia. This article emphasizes the critical importance of studying demographic factors and structural imbalances in the Indian labor market. Particular attention is paid to the phenomenon of “jobless growth”, gender imbalance, and high youth unemployment. Prospects for Russian-Indian cooperation in the field of human resources are analyzed, including employment opportunities for Indian specialists in Russia and the development of high-tech industries in India. Recommendations are made to improve employment regulation mechanisms and increase the efficiency of labor resource use. The conclusion emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach to addressing India’s labor market challenges, taking into account internal struc- tural characteristics and opportunities for international cooperation. The study highlights the importance of further developing partnerships between Russia and India to create an effective employment system and realize the potential of both countries.

Annotation: The tightening of sanctions against China makes the assessment of its national innovation system’s capacity for autonomous development critically important. This article proposes a composite index of technological self-sufficiency that aggregates three components: innovation capacity, production capacity, and supply chain independence. The index builds upon a two-tier corporate model of “national champions” and “little giants” that encompasses large state-owned companies and certified small and medium-sized enterprises. Calculations for 2014–2024 show an increase in the index from 0.28 to 0.83, driven primarily by stronger supply chain in- dependence. Comparisons with international technology leadership indicators confirm the systemic nature of this shift. Before the sanctions, the model focused on catch-up development and expansion into international markets, and after that the focus changed to technological autonomy and a closed internal system. However, an asymmetry is revealed: the increase in production capacity is noticeably lagging behind innovative achievements, which creates a potential vulnerability of the model under further sanctions pressure.

Annotation: The article examines banking mechanisms of housing construction savings as an instrument for financing housing construction in Kazakhstan. The theoretical foundations of the housing construction savings system are analyzed, which is based on a combination of savings and credit mechanisms of bank financing for housing acquisition. Particular attention is paid to the role of banking institutions in the formation of long-term financial resources for the development of housing construction. The study evaluates the economic efficiency of the housing con- struction savings system and its impact on the development of the construction industry, the expansion of bank lending opportunities for the population, and the improvement of housing affordability. Based on the analysis of statistical data and scientific research, the key advantages of this model are identified, including the formation of a sustainable resource base for banks, the reduction of credit risks, and the stimulation of investment activity in the housing sector. The main constraints on the development of the system related to institutional and market factors are identified. Directions for improving the banking mechanisms of housing construction savings are proposed, aimed at increasing the efficiency of housing construction financing and expanding their role in the development of the national housing market.

Annotation: The article proposes an innovative “three-contour model” of planning for sustainable development (SD) of Russian regions, integrating the adapted Chinese experience of spatial and functional zoning (PLE approach) and based on a system combination: a strategic goal-setting contour (mandatory ESG indicators, differentiated scenarios for risk zones), a contour of technological solutions (“innovative supermarkets” for testing SD solu- tions, small nuclear power plants for energy-efficient infrastructure) and data management circuits (AI-mediated “digital twins” of regions, blockchain registers of ESG reporting). The article analyzes the controversial as- pects of implementing the model, taking into account the territorial specifics, as well as the institutional risks in the context of Russian socio-economic realities. The conclusion is substantiated that the key innovation of the model is to ensure the synergy of spatial analysis of the dynamics of PLE spaces, advanced technological tools and adaptive management mechanisms, which forms the basis for the transition from declarative strategies to a geographically oriented SD and the creation of an objective multi-level assessment index. A structured list of arguments for practical implementation has been proposed: positive aspects are technological leap in monitor- ing and forecasting, and increased management adaptability; while negative ones are institutional inertia, high initial investments, and a shortage of qualified personnel to work with AI and blockchain technologies.

Annotation: This article presents a comparative analysis of the global payment system SWIFT and China’s CIPS system, designed for cross-border yuan settlements. The authors examine the historical development, functional capa- bilities, and current status of both systems. Particular attention is given to SWIFT’s advantages (global reach, universality) and its vulnerabilities (dollar dependence, political risks). The study provides a detailed analysis of CIPS’ objectives: reducing reliance on Western financial systems, promoting the yuan as an international currency, and safeguarding against sanctions. The technological features of the Chinese payment system are investigated, including its integrated clearing and settlement functions, adoption of the ISO 20022 standard, and potential integration with the digital yuan. The authors evaluate CIPS’ current limitations (narrow currency focus, smaller participant network) and its development prospects. The conclusion suggests a probable scenario of parallel coexistence, where CIPS will carve out a niche in yuan-denominated and alternative transactions without fully replacing SWIFT in the foreseeable future