Annotation: This article examines the causes and conditions of the growth of the citizenry of Ancient Rome, reveals the impact of demographic and political processes on their legal consciousness, and explores the relationship between the prescriptions of Roman private law and the political system established in the Roman Empire. The importance of the institution of citizenship in transforming the everyday legal consciousness of individuals inhabiting ancient city-states is demonstrated. It is revealed that Ancient Rome created a system that ensured unlimited growth in the authorized size of the armed forces. However, this process, combined with growing property stratification, led to a change in the political system and the loss of the legal dominants on which Roman legal consciousness was based. This article aims to demonstrate the extent to which demographic and political processes affect society’s legal consciousness and to identify the positive and negative factors of this impact. The author concludes that the uncontrolled population growth of Ancient Rome, combined with growing property stratification, led to a change in the political system and a distortion of public legal consciousness.

Annotation: Based on the authors’ approaches to understanding patriotism as a core component of law enforcement offic- ers’ professionalism, and the processes of forming their patriotic qualities that constitute the foundations of a professional-patriotic culture, the article examines current problems in using state symbols of the Russian Federation as means of patriotic education for law enforcement personnel. The study applied a systematic and comprehensive approach to the problem from the standpoint of jurisprudence, psychology, and sociology. The authors argue that patriotic education of law enforcement officers cannot be complete without the use of the fundamental symbols of the state, which embody its main ideas and principles. The article also addresses the organization of educational work with law enforcement personnel with regard to shaping officers’ patriotism. The findings complement and expand the body of knowledge on the organizational and legal aspects of information and advocacy work with law enforcement officers, and on shaping officers’ patriotic feelings in accordance with the norms set out in the strategic planning documents on ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation. In the text of the article, the Russian Federation is abbreviated as RF.

Annotation: This article analyzes the legal and academic criticism directed at the new edition of the explanatory dictionary of the state language of the Russian Federation published in 2025. The study focuses on the semantic content and legal significance of the terms “hegemon” and “democracy” in this source. The author addresses the accusation – which she considers unfounded – that the dictionary engages in ideological indoctrination. The study’s methodology in- cludes a hermeneutic analysis of legal and linguistic definitions, as well as a historical and legal comparison. The study finds that characterizing the USA as a “hegemon” and the Western model as a “fictitious democracy” reflects objective political and legal processes and the practice of international relations, rather than being the product of purely ideological construction. The author concludes that the new vocabulary should be viewed as a tool for the legal formalization of current geopolitical realities, prompting a rethinking of the crisis facing classical democratic institu- tions. The article argues for the necessity of abandoning politicized assessments in favor of rigorous legal analysis. In the text of the article, the Russian Federation is abbreviated as RF.

Annotation: This article analyzes the concepts of such legal categories as “methods of financial and legal regulation” and “methods of financial activity of the state.” The authors pay special attention to the importance of these categories for modern financial law. They examine theoretical approaches to the concept and classification of methods of financial and legal regulation, as well as to the specifics of methods for collecting, distributing, and using state and municipal monetary funds. The article also examines the views of Russian legal scholars on the essence of the concept of “financing” in various branches of Russian law. In particular, the authors believe that the use of the concept of “financing” in relation to a civil law contract is not fully justified. As a result of this brief study, the authors conclude that it is advisable to use the concept of “financing” exclu- sively in the sense of “a method of financial activity of the state.” They also formulate a definition of the concept of “financing,” as well as some proposals for improving domestic budget legislation. In the text of the article, the Russian Federation is abbreviated as RF.

Annotation: The article examines the evolution of legal approaches to protecting bona fide purchasers of real estate in the context of challenging transactions. It analyzes the fundamental conflict between the rules on restitution (Art. 167 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) and the rules on vindication (Art. 301, 302 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). Particular attention is paid to the transformation of the judicial practice of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, culminating in the Lurie case (2025). The criteria of «reasonable diligence», the distribution of the burden of proof, and the prospects for legislative consolidation of the principle of public credibility of the register are considered. The author concludes that priority is increasingly given to the stability of civil turnover over the formal restoration of the rights of an owner who has been negligent. In conclusion, it can be asserted that in 2026, the Russian system for protecting property rights has reached a new level of ma- turity. The priority of the rights of a bona fide purchaser over the interests of an owner who has been negligent is the key to the investment attractiveness of the real estate market and civil peace in society. In the text of the article, the Russian Federation is abbreviated as RF.

Annotation: The article addresses the critical need to create a specialized facility for the long-term storage and verifica- tion of electronic evidence. The author examines the transition from a “physical” understanding of material evidence to a “logical” one. This article aims to comprehensively substantiate the need to implement electronic evidence storage chambers, to describe their key functions and requirements, along with the regulatory and technical contexts. In addition, the article describes the key requirements for ensuring the security of electronic evidence storage and approaches to creating the relevant systems, and offers practical recommendations for implementation and integration into existing processes. Without ensuring proper conditions and security for the storage of evidence, the risk of its loss, damage, substitution, or illegal access increases significantly. As digital transformation becomes the main trend in public administration, the presence of electronic evidence storage chambers becomes an indicator of the digital readiness and technological sophistication of the law enforcement and judicial systems. The article emphasizes that the introduction of electronic evidence storage chambers will be an integral element of electronic justice. In the text of the article, the Russian Federation is abbreviated as RF.

Annotation: The article discusses certain issues of legal assessment of a person’s appropriation of found property belonging to another. The main approaches to distinguishing between theft and finding are analyzed. The article critically examines the arguments that taking possession of found property belonging to another cannot be considered theft due to the owner’s loss of actual connection with the item and, consequently, the inability to exercise the powers of an owner; the absence of selfish intent; the inability to assess the appropriation of found property belonging to another as seizure in the criminal law sense; and so on. It analyzes the provisions of civil legislation regulating the procedure for dealing with a find (Article 227 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) and the position of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation (Resolution No. 2-P of January 12, 2023) on the legal assessment of the appropriation of found property belonging to another. The article examines certain criteria proposed by crimi- nal law scholarship and law enforcement practice for distinguishing theft from finding: the owner’s or possessor’s observation of the process of losing property; the owner’s or possessor’s knowledge of the location of the forgotten item; the presence of individual characteristics in the property that allow for identification of the owner, etc. In the text of the article, the Russian Federation is abbreviated as RF.

Annotation: The article examines the activities of computer clubs as a promising area of investment activity in modern eco- nomic conditions. Particular attention is paid to a comprehensive analysis of the legal regulation of this type of business activity in the Russian Federation, including the identification and systematization of sources of legal regulation. The work analyzes the current laws of computer club franchises represented on the Russian market. Based on data on the dynamics of opening new locations and payback indicators, the relevance and economic feasibility of acquiring franchise models in the computer club sector for potential investors have been assessed. Special attention was paid to the analysis and systematization of the advantages and risks of using franchising in the computer field. The results of the study make it possible to ensure the integrity of ideas about the legal economic aspects and aspects of the development of computer clubs through the use of business models such as franchising, which can be useful both for the economic downturn and for compliance with the regime of moderate and medium-sized entrepreneurship. In the text of the article, the Russian Federation is abbreviated as RF.

Annotation: The article is devoted to the study of the family as a legal phenomenon in the context of civil law communities in Russian legislation. The subject of analysis is the legal nature of the family, its relationship with the category of civil law community, and the specifics of its regulation in the interdisciplinary field. The author raises the issue of the lack of a unified legal definition of the family, which leads to contradictions in law enforcement and doctrinal disputes. The methodology includes a formal legal analysis of civil and family law norms, as well as a critical review of scientific positions. The study found that the family, being interdisciplinary in nature, can be recognized as a special type of civil law community – a family law community. The most significant conclusion is that the permanent core of such a community consists of spouses who own common property, regardless of the property regime. The practical significance of this work lies in the proposal to use the concept of “family law community” to more accurately reflect the family as an entity integrated into the private law system. In the text of the article, the Russian Federation is abbreviated as RF.

Annotation: The article examines the components of the civil-law status of internal affairs officers (IAO). The concept of the civil-law status of an IAO is defined, and its elements are revealed. An analysis is conducted of the current regulatory restrictions on the civil rights of internal affairs officers, as well as the problems of civil-law liability of DIAs and their employees. Based on an analysis of modern legislation and judicial practice (including the practice of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation) over recent years, current problems in the implemen- tation of the civil-law status of internal affairs officers have been identified; ways to solve these problems and measures to improve legislation in the field of the civil-law status of IAOs have been proposed. The civil-law status of internal affairs officers is a set of rights, guarantees, and restrictions on those rights, as well as obliga- tions, and also the civil liability of the state and the officers themselves for causing harm to the aforementioned entities as participants in civil transactions. In the text of the article, the Russian Federation is abbreviated as RF.

Annotation: The article describes some specific features of financial control over state (municipal) expenditures as measured against tax control The study outline the specifics of tax control: the presence of a special control mechanism, the legal procedures for control, the proceedings based on its results, and the possibility of appealing them, as well as tax liability. In the article the results of two types of control are compared; the responses of audited entities, and the legal consequences are discussed. To achieve the research objectives, the author used methods of analysis and comparison, and also applied the formal-legal method: existing scientific approaches to the problem were analyzed, individual legislative norms concerning financial and tax control were examined, and the results of inspection activities of the two types of control were analyzed The author concludes that the results of tax control are more significant for public social relations than the results of expenditure control. The article also concludes that it is necessary for tax control tools to adapt to historical changes in the life of the state. In the text of the article, the Russian Federation is abbreviated as RF.

Annotation: The article presents a comprehensive comparative legal study of the mechanisms for forming the share capital of commercial organizations through non-monetary contributions. The author analyzes the legislation and law enforcement practices of certain foreign countries, such as France, Germany, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and Spain, and compares them with current Russian regulations. Particular attention is paid to the legal status of specific assets. The aim of the study is to identify the imbalance between the need to capitalize digital and intangible assets and the conservative approach of Russian law. The study seeks effective legal instruments that will expand the list of permissible contributions without compromising the interests of creditors. As a result of the study, the author substantiates the need for liberalization of Russian legislation. The author concludes that it is advisable to expand the list of intangible assets that can be used as contributions to the property of com- mercial organizations. The author also proposes the implementation of a foreign mechanism for joint liability of participants and directors for the accuracy of the valuation of non-cash contributions. The introduction of joint liability mechanisms will ensure the necessary balance: the expansion of capitalization instruments will be accompanied by strengthened guarantees for creditors, minimizing the risk of abuse in property valuation. In the text of the article, the Russian Federation is abbreviated as RF.